To mark International Women’s Day 2026, we have released a perspective highlighting the sex-specific differences in cardiovascular disease onset, presentation, and outcomes. Failure to include sex-specific risk factors in cardiovascular studies risks perpetuating delayed detection and diagnosis, suboptimal treatment intensity, and poorer outcomes for women.

At PHARMO Institute, we leverage real-world evidence to connect diagnoses, labs, treatment trajectories, and outcomes across care settings—making it possible to (1) quantify where inequities emerge, (2) identify which subgroups of women are most affected, (3) evaluate how care patterns influence downstream outcomes, and (4) monitor whether interventions—clinical, educational, and policy-driven—meaningfully improve equity over time.

Additional PHARMO research examining sex differences include:

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